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Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) are a set of phonetic symbols used for voice quality, for example when transcribing disordered speech. VoQS symbols are normally combined with curly braces that span a section of speech, just as with prosody notation in the extended IPA. The symbols may be modified with a digit to convey relative degree of the quality. For example, is used for harsh voice, and } indicates that the intervening speech is very harsh. indicates a lowered larynx, so } indicates that the intervening speech is less harsh with a lowered larynx. VoQS use mostly IPA or extended IPA diacritics on capital letters for the element being modified: V for 'voice', L for 'larynx', J for 'jaw'. Degree is marked 1 for slight, 2 for moderate, and 3 for extreme. ==Symbols== The following combinations of letters and diacritics are used.〔Ball, Esling & Dickson (1995) "The VoQS System for the Transcription of Voice Quality", ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', 25.02, p. 71–80. Updated 2015.〕 They indicate an airstream mechanism, phonation or secondary articulation across a stretch of speech. For example, 'palatalized voice' indicates palatalization of the segment of speech spanned by the braces. ;airstream mechanisms :} buccal speech (symbol is iconic for the pockets of air in the cheeks) :} œsophageal speech (symbol derives from the letter ''œ'' of ''œsophagus) :} tracheo-œsophaeal speech (symbol attempts to capture iconically the dual nature of the airstream) :} pulmonic ingressive speech ;phonation types The four primary phonation types, other than breathed (voiceless), receive a distinct letter: :} modal voice :} falsetto :} whisper (typically only the normally modal-voice segments are whispery, while the voiceless segments remain voiceless) :} creak Modifications are made with diacritics. The terms "whispery voice/murmur" and "breathy voice" follow Catford (1977) and differ from the use of "murmur/breathy voice" by the IPA. The notation } and } are therefore often confused, and } should perhaps be used for whispery voice with e.g. } for breathy voice.〔Ball, Esling & Dickson (2000: 54)〕 :} whispery voice (murmur; the breathy voice of the IPA) :} creaky voice :} breathy voice :} whispery creak :} slack/lax voice :} harsh voice (without ventricular vibration; this may differ from the use of the word "harsh" cross-linguistically, which may be the same as "ventricular", next) :} ventricular phonation :} diplophonia (simultaneous ventricular and glottal vibration; see also vocal-fold cyst) :} whispery ventricular phonation :} aryepiglottic phonation :} pressed phonation/tight voice (made by pressing together the arytenoid cartilages so that only the anterior ligamental vocal folds vibrate; the opposite of whisper, where the vibration is posterior) :} tight whisper :} spasmodic dysphonia :} electrolaryngeal phonation (approximates symbol for electricity) ;supra-laryngeal settings :} raised larynx :} lowered larynx :} labialized voice (open rounded; that is, ) :} labialized voice (close rounded) :} spread-lip voice :} labio-dentalized voice :} linguo-apicalized voice :} linguo-laminalized voice :} retroflex voice :} dentalized voice (diacritic iconic for a tooth) :} alveolarized voice (diacritic iconic for the alveolar ridge) :} palatoalveolarized voice :} palatalized voice :} velarized voice :} uvularized voice (self-evidence extension of IPA usage) :} pharyngealized voice :} laryngo-pharyngealized voice :} faucalized voice (iconic of narrowing of faucal pillars) :} nasalized voice :} denasalized voice :} open-jaw voice :} close-jaw voice :} right-offset-jaw voice :} left-offset-jaw voice :} protruded-jaw voice :} protruded-tongue voice (protrusion of the tip or blade of the tongue for extended periods) Other combinations are possible, such as } for nasal whispery voice〔Laver (1994) ''Principles of Phonetics'', p. 421.〕 or } for whispery creaky falsetto.〔 If the number of diacritics on a letter becomes excessive, the notation may be broken up. For example, } may be replaced with }. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Voice Quality Symbols」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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